Why Nepal’s Political Parties Fail to Reform: A Hirschman Lens

A few months before the September 8 event in Nepal, I had been working on this article to reflect on the essence of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970) by Albert O. Hirschman in the context of Nepal’s existing political system—particularly the culture within political parties that has long led to public dissatisfaction. I believe the recent events have given me even more reason to complete it.